A new United Nations assessment has delivered one of the most sobering evaluations yet of humanity’s environmental footprint. According to the Global Environment Outlook report, produced by nearly two hundred scientists for the UN Environment Programme, food production and fossil fuel use are collectively generating about five billion dollars in environmental harm every single hour. The authors warn that without a profound shift in political and economic priorities, the world is drifting toward forms of systemic collapse that could become irreversible.

Environmental Decline Has Become an Economic and Security Emergency

The report argues that climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution are no longer isolated ecological concerns but deeply interconnected crises that threaten global stability. The authors emphasise that environmental degradation is already undermining food systems, water availability, public health, and the security of nations that are increasingly strained by resource scarcity and climate-driven displacement. Professor Robert Watson, one of the co-chairs of the scientific panel, stated that the growing need for food and energy is pushing natural systems beyond their limits. As population rises, the dominant systems for feeding and powering the world rely on practices that intensify pollution and accelerate nature loss. Despite the bleak trajectory, the panel maintains that a sustainable future is still within reach if governments acknowledge the scale of the challenge and act decisively. Professor Edgar Gutiérrez-Espeleta, the report’s co-chair and former environment minister of Costa Rica, said the science is clear and the solutions are known. However, the window to implement them is closing quickly.

Geopolitics is Delaying Progress at a Critical Moment

The latest GEO runs over one thousand pages and traditionally accompanies a shorter summary negotiated by all UN member states. This year, consensus was not achieved. Several countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Turkey and Argentina, rejected passages that referenced fossil fuels, plastics, dietary shifts and other politically sensitive issues. A joint statement from the United Kingdom and twenty-eight aligned nations criticised attempts to dilute scientific content, arguing that national preferences cannot override evidence. The tension reflects a broader geopolitical divide, with the United States under President Donald Trump and other governments rolling back environmental commitments at a moment when global cooperation is urgently needed. Watson stressed that public demand for a sustainable future is often what pushes governments to act. In his view, citizens must recognise their influence and demand stronger protections for future generations.

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The Economic Case for Action is Overwhelming

A central message of the GEO report is that the cost of inaction vastly exceeds the cost of transition. The researchers estimate that climate action alone could deliver global benefits worth twenty trillion dollars annually by 2070, and one hundred trillion dollars per year by the end of the century. These figures include avoided damage, improved health, increased productivity and more resilient economies. Gutiérrez-Espeleta described the environmental crisis as a political and financial emergency that now threatens the social fabric holding societies together. He argued that environmental policy cannot remain a secondary concern but must become integral to national security strategies, economic planning and social justice frameworks.

Food and Energy Systems Are Driving the Largest Damages

The report calculates annual environmental losses at forty-five trillion dollars. Industrial agriculture accounts for the largest share at twenty trillion dollars, followed by transport at thirteen trillion and fossil fuel electricity generation at twelve trillion. These costs are described as externalities, meaning they are invisible on balance sheets yet paid for by society through degraded ecosystems, climate impacts and health burdens. The scientists recommend pricing these externalities into food and energy markets to reflect true costs. Watson noted that such reforms must be accompanied by robust social protections so vulnerable communities are not harmed by price adjustments. The report discusses tools such as universal basic income, taxes on high-impact foods and subsidies for healthier, low-carbon diets.

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Subsidy Reform Could Dramatically Reduce Emissions

The assessment highlights around one and a half trillion dollars in subsidies that actively encourage fossil fuel consumption, environmentally damaging farming practices and harmful mining activities. Redirecting or removing these subsidies could unlock enormous climate gains. The report states that eliminating fossil fuel subsidies alone could potentially reduce global emissions by one third. Despite falling costs for wind and solar technologies, the authors observe that entrenched interests continue to slow the pace of renewable adoption. Watson warned that global heating is likely being underestimated and that warming may track the upper range of current scientific projections, underscoring the need for immediate intervention.

A Final Warning from Scientists: Act Now or Accept Irreversible Losses

The overarching conclusion of the GEO report is stark. The transition required is not incremental but transformational. It involves redesigning food systems, restructuring energy markets, reforming global finance and embedding environmental responsibility into national governance. The science community is unified in its message that the world has a narrowing opportunity to prevent catastrophic outcomes. Whether governments act at the necessary scale now will determine the conditions under which future generations live.

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