Glaciers across the planet are disappearing faster than many projections once suggested, and new research indicates the pace of loss will intensify dramatically within a concentrated window over the coming decades. Rather than declining steadily, glaciers are expected to vanish in large numbers during a short but intense period before annual losses slow later in the century, not because conditions improve, but because many glaciers will already be gone. The findings highlight a different way of understanding climate impacts. Instead of focusing only on how much ice melts, the study examines when individual glaciers disappear completely. Once a glacier crosses that threshold, it cannot recover, even if warming stabilises later. That irreversible loss is what makes the coming decades particularly critical.

The research analysed satellite based outlines of more than 200,000 glaciers worldwide and combined them with glacier evolution models under multiple warming scenarios. This approach allowed scientists to estimate not just volume loss, but the timing of complete glacier extinction. The researchers describe a future period they call peak glacier extinction. This refers to the year when the greatest number of glaciers worldwide vanish entirely. Today, roughly 1,000 glaciers disappear each year. That figure is projected to rise rapidly as global temperatures continue to climb. Even under a scenario where global warming is limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius, around 2,000 glaciers could disappear every year by the early 2040s. Under more severe warming of around 4 degrees Celsius, annual losses could reach as high as 4,000 glaciers by the mid 2050s. According to lead author Lander Van Tricht, a glaciologist at ETH Zurich and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the results underline the urgency of ambitious climate policy. The study shows that decisions made now will shape whether glacier loss accelerates rapidly or is at least partially restrained.

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After the peak period, the number of glaciers disappearing each year is expected to fall. This decline can be misleading. It does not signal that glaciers are stabilising or recovering. Instead, it reflects the fact that many smaller glaciers will already have vanished. Van Tricht explains that by the end of the century, glacier loss may approach zero in some regions simply because there are almost no glaciers left to lose. In the European Alps, for example, projected glacier disappearance slows dramatically by 2100, not due to protection or resilience, but because the vast majority of glaciers have already disappeared. The glaciers most vulnerable during the peak extinction period are small ones. These glaciers hold less ice and respond quickly to rising temperatures. Once warming crosses certain thresholds, many small glaciers disappear within a relatively short time. Regions dominated by smaller glaciers are therefore expected to experience the fastest and most dramatic losses. In the European Alps and parts of the subtropical Andes, around half of all glaciers could vanish within the next two decades. Areas with larger glaciers follow a slower trajectory, delaying peak loss until later in the century. Greenland and the Antarctic periphery fall into this category, where larger ice bodies take longer to shrink completely.

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Although small glaciers contribute less to global sea level rise than massive ice sheets, their disappearance can have profound local impacts. Van Tricht notes that the loss of a single glacier can disrupt water availability, ecosystems, and livelihoods, even if its contribution to sea level is modest. Many mountain communities rely on glacier meltwater to sustain rivers during dry seasons. Glaciers also support tourism and hold cultural significance that extends beyond their physical size. Study co author Matthias Huss of ETH Zurich has witnessed this firsthand. In 2019, he participated in a symbolic funeral for the Pizol glacier in Switzerland. He emphasised that glacier loss is not just a scientific issue, but an emotional and cultural one. For communities living alongside these ice bodies, their disappearance represents the loss of history, identity, and natural heritage. The study makes clear that some glacier loss is unavoidable. Warming already locked into the climate system means many glaciers will disappear regardless of future action. However, the total number lost and the speed of disappearance remain highly sensitive to future emissions. Limiting global warming does not stop glacier loss entirely, but it reduces how severe and how rapid it becomes. Lower warming scenarios preserve more glaciers for longer, easing pressure on water systems and mountain communities. The coming decades will not determine everything, but they will determine how much remains. Choices around emissions reduction, ecosystem protection, and climate policy will shape whether the world loses thousands of glaciers each year or retains a meaningful share of these irreplaceable ice reserves for future generations.

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