The European Parliament has officially adopted a groundbreaking set of waste regulations that will force fashion brands and textile producers to take responsibility for the full lifecycle of their products. Under the revised Waste Framework Directive, companies will be required to fund the collection, sorting, and recycling of discarded clothing and textiles in the European Union.

This legislative move is the final step in a wider EU effort to address the rising environmental costs of the textile and food industries. It also signals a firm commitment to holding producers accountable for their environmental footprints, including those operating via e-commerce or outside the EU but selling within its borders.

Tackling a Growing Waste Crisis

The EU currently generates an estimated 12.6 million tonnes of textile waste every year, with around 5.2 million tonnes coming from clothing and footwear alone. Despite this massive volume, only about 22 percent of post-consumer textile waste is separately collected for reuse or recycling. The rest is typically landfilled or incinerated, releasing harmful emissions and squandering valuable resources.

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Food waste is equally staggering, with nearly 60 million tonnes wasted across the EU annually. This translates to a market value of approximately 132 billion euros, not to mention its social and environmental implications.

Recognising the urgent need for intervention, the European Commission proposed an overhaul of the Waste Framework Directive in 2023, targeting these two particularly wasteful sectors.

Extended Producer Responsibility Comes to Fashion

At the heart of the new textile rules is the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes. These schemes will make textile companies financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products, much like existing systems for packaging, batteries, and electronics.

Under the new law, all EU member states will be required to establish EPR systems for textiles within 30 months of the directive taking effect. Fashion brands, including those selling online or operating from outside the EU, will need to contribute to the costs of collecting, sorting, and recycling garments they place on the EU market.

Importantly, EPR fees will not be uniform. Instead, they will be modulated based on the circularity and sustainability of each product. Brands that design longer-lasting, repairable, or recyclable clothing may pay less, while those whose items are more disposable or environmentally damaging could face higher costs.

A Broad Range of Products Will Be Affected

The scope of products covered by the new rules is extensive. It includes not just clothing and footwear, but also accessories, hats, bed linens, kitchen textiles, blankets, and curtains. EU countries will also have the option to introduce similar EPR schemes for mattresses.

To support smaller businesses during the transition, the directive grants microenterprises an additional year to comply with the new requirements.

First-Ever EU-Wide Food Waste Targets

In addition to tackling textile waste, the revised directive introduces the EU’s first legally binding targets for reducing food waste. By 2030, member states will be required to achieve a 10 percent reduction in food waste from processing and manufacturing, using 2021 to 2023 levels as a baseline. A more ambitious 30 percent reduction target has been set for food waste originating from retail, restaurants, catering services, and households.

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These targets aim to push both the public and private sectors to rethink supply chains, packaging, consumer education, and waste management strategies in the food industry.

What Happens Next?

Once the updated directive officially enters into force, member states will have 20 months to transpose the rules into national law. EPR schemes for textiles must be operational within 30 months, creating a tight but necessary timeline for governments and industry to align.

For the fashion and food sectors, the message is clear. The EU is shifting the burden of waste away from consumers and municipalities and placing it squarely on the shoulders of producers. Brands that fail to invest in sustainable design, circular business models, or efficient supply chains may find themselves at a competitive disadvantage in a regulatory environment increasingly built around environmental responsibility.

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