A growing body of climate research is revealing that wildfire weather is spreading into areas once thought to be relatively safe. New analysis shows that by the end of this century, up to nine out of ten fire-prone regions could face more dangerous conditions than at any point in modern history. The shift highlights how climate change is transforming where and when wildfires ignite, how quickly they grow, and the challenges communities must prepare for as the threat expands far beyond traditional hotspots.

How Researchers Created a More Accurate Global Picture of Fire Weather?

The study relied on a large suite of global climate models, but instead of treating every model equally, the research team relied on a weighted ensemble. This method assigns more influence to models that have historically performed better, while reducing overrepresentation from near-duplicate models. The approach preserves diversity while filtering out noise that can distort projections. Using this refined ensemble, the researchers calculated the Fire Weather Index, a widely used score that reflects how temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation combine to influence the ease with which fires begin and spread. The work was led by Carolina Gallo of Coventry University, whose research focuses on improving climate model evaluation and delivering more reliable wildfire projections for policymakers.

A Rapid Expansion of Fire-Friendly Conditions Across Continents

The results point to an unmistakable trend. At least half of all fire-prone regions are projected to experience greater wildfire danger by 2040. Toward the end of the century, that share rises significantly, reaching between 68 and 91 percent depending on the emissions pathway. Regions that stand out include the Mediterranean basin, southern Africa, northern Asia, northeastern South America and large sections of North America. Under high-emissions scenarios, many areas are projected to experience fire weather that historically occurred less than one percent of the time. In practical terms, what used to be a rare extreme could become part of the normal seasonal pattern.

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Changing Seasons: Fire Weather Arrives Earlier and Retreats Later

Shifts in seasonal timing are a major concern. In several regions, warmer springs are beginning earlier, while autumn drying persists longer into the year. These changes extend the period during which vegetation remains flammable, creating conditions where a single spark can travel farther, faster. Scientists have already observed this trend over recent decades. Windows of low fire risk, once predictable, are now shrinking. Combined with more intense heat anomalies, this means that the traditional boundaries of fire seasons are disappearing, replaced by more unpredictable and prolonged periods of danger.

Why Fire Behaviour Is Changing: Local Conditions Matter?

What makes the expansion of wildfire risk particularly challenging is that different landscapes respond in very different ways. Some regions are drying steadily over time, increasing baseline fire danger. Others experience see-saw patterns of extreme wetness followed by intense drying, a combination that builds fuel loads and sets the stage for severe burns. Vegetation type, soil moisture, wind patterns and past fire history all shape how ignitions behave. As a result, two regions experiencing the same temperature increase can face very different wildfire outcomes. This is why researchers argue that local planning must be rooted in regional data rather than relying on global averages.

Ecosystems Under Stress as Heat and Drought Accelerate

Forests in several climate zones are beginning to show signs of physiological strain. Repeated exposure to unusually hot and dry conditions weakens tree defences and speeds moisture loss. This increases the likelihood that flames will not stay confined to the forest floor but rise into the canopy, producing faster-moving and harder-to-contain fires. In some regions, ecosystems have begun to shift toward vegetation that regenerates rapidly after burns. While these plants recover faster, they can also create dense fuel beds that feed future fire cycles. Such ecological changes influence not only how fires behave today but how landscapes will recover in the decades ahead.

Why These Trends Matter for Communities and Public Safety?

The broader climate science picture already shows a rise in hot and dry extremes across many regions, conditions that dry out fuels and reduce the margin of safety for fire crews. The consequences are visible. Canada’s 2023 wildfire season burned more than 45 million acres, stretching firefighting capacity and degrading air quality across the continent. Researchers warn that as fire weather intensifies, the time available for evacuation shrinks, the cost of response rises and the risks to infrastructure multiply. According to study co author Maria Vincenza Chiriacò, the message is clear: wildfire danger is increasing in both intensity and geographic reach due to climate change.

Improving Predictive Tools for Future Planning

One of the strengths of the new study is its evaluation against ERA5 reanalysis data, a high-resolution reconstruction of past weather. This comparison helps verify that the weighted ensemble reduces known biases and produces projections that better reflect observed climate patterns. To ensure the analysis focused on areas where fires actually occur, the researchers also excluded vegetation-free regions by using a global fire activity dataset. This sharpened the projections and prevented anomalies from skewing results. Gallo notes that the refined modelling approach can help governments and planners identify where wildfire danger is likely to rise most quickly, giving them the evidence needed to update land-use policies, strengthen emergency response planning and build more resilient landscapes.

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A Warning Signal and a Planning Tool

The new research paints a concerning picture of how quickly fire weather is expanding across the planet. It underscores the importance of preparing for a future in which fire risk touches regions with little historical experience in managing large blazes. At the same time, these projections provide a roadmap for action. By understanding where and when fire danger will shift, communities can design more climate-resilient landscapes, invest in early warning systems and rethink development in high-risk zones. The message from the study is unmistakable: wildfire danger is no longer a regional issue. It is a global challenge that will demand planning, adaptation and long-term resilience strategies in places that have never faced this level of risk before.

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