Humpback whales rely on memory and environmental cues to time their long journey—but climate change may be moving too fast for them to keep up.

Every year, humpback whales in the southeastern Pacific embark on an extraordinary 10,000-kilometer migration from the warm waters of Central and South America to the icy feeding grounds of Antarctica. But how do they know when to leave?

A groundbreaking study by McGill University scientists reveals that whales rely on both real-time environmental changes and long-term memories of past ocean conditions to time their migration.

"They seem to know that changes happening in their immediate environment are linked to conditions thousands of kilometers away," said Professor Virginie Millien.

How Whales Use Memory to Migrate

Tracking data from 42 humpback whales between 2009 and 2016 provided valuable insights:

Local ocean conditions like sea surface temperature and food availability influence their decisions.
Whales remember past years' krill bloom timings to ensure they arrive in Antarctica when food is most abundant.
Males travel faster on direct paths, while females (especially mothers with calves) stick to safer coastal routes.

Climate Change Is Throwing Whales Off Course

Warmer waters and shifting sea ice patterns are disrupting the krill bloom cycle. Even though whales are adjusting, climate change is accelerating faster than their ability to adapt.

"We don’t know how long they’ll be able to keep up," Millien warned. "Every year since 2016 has been the warmest on record."

If whales can’t adapt, their survival—and the health of the ocean—could be at risk.

Read more about Human Activity is Altering Biodiversity Faster Than We Realize, Study Warns.

Why Whale Conservation Is More Urgent Than Ever

Protecting whales isn’t just about saving a species—it’s about preserving ocean ecosystems.

Whales play a crucial role in marine biodiversity by cycling nutrients and supporting phytoplankton growth, which absorbs carbon and releases oxygen.
Increased ship traffic poses additional dangers, with vessel collisions threatening whale populations.
Safeguarding migration routes and feeding zones is essential to maintaining healthy oceans and mitigating climate impacts.

Final Thoughts

Whales are sentinels of ocean health. As climate change disrupts their migration, it signals a larger crisis unfolding in marine ecosystems. Protecting whales means protecting the planet.

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