Have you ever thought about how your clothing habits affect the planet? Every time we buy a cheap new outfit, there’s a hidden environmental cost lurking behind the price tag. In fact, the fashion industry is estimated to produce about 10% of the world’s carbon emissions which is more than all international flights and shipping combined. This means our closets have a surprisingly large carbon footprint, contributing significantly to climate change.

Fast Fashion: Cheap Clothes at a High Cost

Fast fashion refers to the rapid design, production, and sale of clothing that mimics the latest styles at ultra-low prices. Brands like Zara, H&M, and Shein excel at this model. Zara can go from a designer’s sketch to store shelves in just a couple of weeks, and online retailer Shein sometimes debuts new designs in as little as 10 days. The goal is to constantly offer something new so that shoppers will keep buying. And we do buy, global clothing production has roughly doubled in the past 20 years, as people purchase 60% more garments than they did 15 years ago. The catch? We wear each item far fewer times (often discarding clothes after less than 10 wears) and then rush off to buy the next trend.

This cycle of buying more and wearing less is what makes fast fashion so profitable and so polluting. Producing clothes quickly and cheaply usually means using lower-quality materials (like polyester or other plastics) and offshore factories where labour is inexpensive. Big retailers such as H&M produce around 3 billion garments per year, and Shein’s website adds thousands of new items every single day. The sheer scale is mind-boggling. With such massive production, the industry churns through raw materials, energy, and water at an alarming rate, all while generating huge amounts of waste and carbon emissions. In the sections below, we’ll break down the specific climate impacts of this fast fashion frenzy from carbon pollution to water use to waste backed by real data.

💡 The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change warns that if we don’t change course, emissions from textile manufacturing alone will skyrocket by 60% by 2030.

The Carbon Footprint of Fast Fashion

Clothing may not immediately come to mind when thinking of climate change, but fast fashion has a huge carbon footprint. The global fashion industry emits greenhouse gases during every step of clothing production from manufacturing textiles (often in coal-powered factories) to transporting finished clothes by ship, plane, or truck. The result is staggering: as noted earlier, fashion is responsible for roughly 10% of annual global CO₂ emissions. To put this in perspective, that’s a bigger share of emissions than the entire aviation and shipping sectors combined. And this footprint is growing. If the industry continues on its current path, its share of the world’s carbon budget could jump to 26% by 2050 – over a quarter of what we can emit if we hope to limit global warming.

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Why does making clothes produce so much carbon? A big reason is energy-intensive production. Factories often burn fossil fuels to power the spinning of yarn, weaving of fabric, and sewing of garments. Synthetic fabrics like polyester (which is essentially plastic made from oil) are especially carbon-heavy to create. In fact, the production of polyester fibres uses about twice as much energy as producing the same weight of cotton and consumes vast amounts of petroleum. Polyester and other synthetics now make up about 60% of materials used in clothing meaning a majority of our fashion is coming straight from fossil fuels.

💡 Globally, it’s estimated that 70 million barrels of oil are used each year just to make polyester for our clothes.

Even natural fibers like cotton have a climate cost: growing cotton uses farm machinery (burning fuel) and fertilizers, and processing cotton yarn and fabric uses lots of electricity and heat.

Thirsty and Polluting: Water Use in Fashion

Fast fashion’s impact isn’t only in the air; it’s also in the water. The fashion industry is the world’s second-largest consumer of water, trailing only agriculture. Consider how water is used at almost every stage: growing cotton crops (which require irrigation), processing and dyeing fabrics, and even in our homes when we wash our clothes.

💡 One cotton shirt can take about 700 gallons of water to produce, and a single pair of jeans might gulp down 2,000 gallons.

Dyeing and finishing textiles is particularly water-intensive and dirty. Textile dyeing is actually the second-largest polluter of clean water worldwide (right after agriculture). Often, the wastewater from dyeing factories laden with toxic chemicals and dyes is dumped untreated into rivers and streams, especially in major garment-producing countries. For example, in places like Bangladesh, India, or Vietnam, some factories release untreated wastewater directly into rivers, turning waterways bright blue, red, or green from dyes. Globally, around 20% of all industrial wastewater pollution comes from the fashion industry’s dyeing and treatment processes.The overall water use by the textile sector is astounding. Each year, the industry uses about 93 billion cubic meters of water. (That’s 93 trillion liters, enough to meet the needs of millions of people for a year.) Yet much of that water ends up polluted.

Mountains of Waste: Landfills and Microplastics

The fast fashion model doesn’t just impact climate and water during production it also creates an enormous waste problem. Remember those cheap clothes we buy more of and wear less? They have to go somewhere when we’re done with them. And too often, “somewhere” means the dump or the incinerator. It’s estimated that 85% of all textiles end up in landfills or are burned as trash each year. In other words, the vast majority of our clothing doesn’t get recycled or reused; it simply becomes waste.
The equivalent of one garbage truck full of clothes is dumped in a landfill or burned every single second around the world.

Globally, we generate about 92 million tonnes of textile waste each year – an almost unimaginably large heap of clothing. If trends continue, this could increase to 134 million tonnes a year by 2030. Why so much waste? Fast fashion encourages overconsumption: we might buy a trendy item, only wear it a few times, then toss it out because it’s gone out of style or fallen apart (low-cost garments often don’t last long).

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There’s also a hidden waste problem in our washing machines. Many fast fashion clothes are made of synthetic fibres like polyester, nylon, and acrylic. Every time we wash these garments, tiny fibres break off and flow out with the drain water. These microfiber plastics are so small they pass through filters and end up in rivers and oceans. Each year, about 500,000 tons of microfibers from washed clothes enter the ocean equivalent to 50 billion plastic bottles’ worth of plastic pollution. Scientists estimate that around 35% of all microplastics in the ocean come from laundering synthetic textiles (our stretchy leggings, fleece jackets, etc.).

Fast Fashion Giants: H&M, Zara, and Shein

It helps to look at some real-world brands to see how fast fashion impacts the climate. Three of the biggest names often mentioned are H&M, Zara, and Shein each epitomizing different aspects of fast fashion’s reach.

H&M (Hennes & Mauritz) is known for churning out frequent collections and collaborations at low prices. To give a sense of scale, H&M manufactures roughly 3 billion garments per year. This massive production volume means enormous resource use and emissions. H&M has launched a “Conscious” collection and in-store recycling programs to show its commitment to sustainability. However, critics point out that 96% of H&M’s environmental claims were found to be unsubstantiated or misleading in one review. In some cases, even products in its “Conscious” line were less sustainable than regular items (European Press Prize). In other words, making a small fraction of products “green” doesn’t offset the harm of producing billions of items in a fast fashion model. H&M itself acknowledges it needs to do more and has set goals to use more recycled or sustainable materials. But as one watchdog group asked: can fast fashion ever truly be sustainable if the volume keeps rising?

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Zara, pioneered the fast fashion concept in the 1990s. Zara perfected the art of ultra-quick turnaround, reportedly going from design to store in as little as 15 days. Instead of a few seasons per year, Zara introduces new designs weekly, driving customers to visit stores often to catch the latest styles. This agility made Zara one of the world’s largest fashion retailers but it also means constant manufacturing and shipping, with all the associated emissions. Zara has recently pledged to change some practices; for example, it aims to use 100% sustainable fabrics by 2025 and has a line called “Join Life” promoting eco-friendlier materials. These are positive steps. Zara also uses data and even AI to better match supply with demand (so they produce only what will sell, to avoid waste). Still, Zara produces tens of thousands of designs a year, and as long as it sells fashion as a rapidly disposable good, the climate impact remains high.

Shein is a newer player, a Chinese online-only retailer that has taken fast fashion to a whole new level. If Zara is fast, Shein is ultra-fast. Reports show that Shein’s app adds anywhere from 2,000 up to 10,000 new items every day – an astonishing pace enabled by algorithms and a huge supplier network. Shein’s business model is to overwhelm shoppers with endless variety at rock-bottom prices (the average item costs around $10). Not surprisingly, Shein’s environmental footprint is enormous. In 2023, Shein’s own sustainability report revealed it emitted 16.7 million metric tons of CO₂ that year. That’s more carbon in one year by a single company than four large coal-fired power plants emit. The brand also relies heavily on synthetic fabric; about 76% of Shein’s garments are polyester, and only a tiny fraction of that is recycled. To its credit, Shein has pledged to cut emissions 25% by 2030 and reach net-zero by 2050. But climate advocates are sceptical, noting that Shein’s ultra-fast, high-volume model is inherently at odds with sustainability.

Changing Course: Toward Sustainable Fashion

It’s not all doom and gloom. Around the world, brands and consumers are waking up to the environmental costs of fast fashion and exploring ways to make fashion more sustainable. A key idea gaining momentum is “slow fashion”, which is essentially the opposite of fast fashion. Slow fashion means buying fewer, better-quality garments, opting for timeless styles over fleeting trends, and ensuring the people who make our clothes are treated and paid fairly.

Some ethical and eco-conscious brands are leading by example. Take Patagonia, an outdoor apparel company known for its environmental ethos. Patagonia has long encouraged customers to buy only what they need and make it last. In 2011, they ran a famous ad with the slogan “Don’t Buy This Jacket”, urging people to think twice before purchasing new gear. Instead, Patagonia invests in programs to repair and resell used clothing (their Worn Wear program) to extend the life of garments. They use recycled materials (like polyester made from old plastic bottles) and organic fibres whenever possible. In 2022, Patagonia’s founder Yvon Chouinard even decided to give away ownership of the $3 billion company to a trust that will use future profits to fight climate change. Patagonia aims to be climate neutral across its entire business by 2025, showing that a successful company can put the planet at the core of its mission.

Other brands are also making moves. For instance, Eileen Fisher, a designer brand, has a take-back program to collect and resell or recycle their clothes, and focuses on timeless designs and sustainable materials. Adidas has experimented with shoes you can return for recycling and with using ocean plastic waste in products. Ralph Lauren has pledged to use 100% sustainably-sourced key materials by 2025. And importantly, consumer attitudes are shifting as surveys show that about 73% of Gen Z shoppers are willing to pay more for sustainable products, pushing brands to offer greener options.

Beyond individual brands, there’s growing interest in circular fashion and rethinking the whole system. This includes clothing rental services (why buy a dress you’ll wear once when you could rent it?), second-hand marketplaces (thrifting is cool again, both in person and via platforms like thredUP or Depop), and upcycling (turning old clothes into new styles). Each of these approaches aims to keep clothes in use longer and reduce the need to make new items from scratch. Currently, less than 1% of material used to produce clothing is recycled into new clothing, which means there’s huge room for improvement in recycling and designing clothes that can be recycled. Innovative startups are working on technologies to recycle textiles more efficiently or make fabrics that are biodegradable.

Policy and collective action are also key. The United Nations launched the Alliance for Sustainable Fashion to coordinate efforts to reform the industry. The European Union is looking at regulations to curb fast fashion waste and boost textile recycling. And campaigns like Fashion Revolution’s #WhoMadeMyClothes have raised awareness about both the human and environmental aspects of clothing production. The idea is to hold companies accountable and empower consumers to demand change.

So, what can we do, as individuals? We can support brands that are genuinely committed to sustainability and ethics. We can buy fewer items of higher quality, pieces we truly love and will use for years. We can swap, thrift, donate, or recycle clothes we don’t want instead of tossing them in the trash. Even keeping a garment in use just nine months longer can reduce its carbon and water impact by 20-30% (by reducing the need to buy a new replacement). And we can use our voices: when we shop, ask brands about their practices, support policies that address waste and pollution, and spread the word to friends and family about why this issue matters.

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