Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is the foundation of any credible climate strategy. To bring consistency and clarity, emissions are categorised into Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3, a structure widely used in corporate sustainability reporting and climate disclosures. Understanding these scopes helps companies identify where emissions occur, what they control directly, and where influence across the value chain becomes critical.

Scope 1: Direct Emissions

Scope 1 emissions are direct greenhouse gas emissions from sources owned or controlled by a company. These are the most visible and controllable emissions, as they result from activities happening within organisational boundaries.

Typical Scope 1 sources include fuel combustion in company-owned boilers and furnaces, emissions from manufacturing processes, company-owned vehicles, and onsite generators. Because these emissions are under direct operational control, they are often the first area companies address when setting reduction targets.

Reducing Scope 1 emissions usually involves energy efficiency upgrades, electrification of equipment, fuel switching, and operational improvements.

Scope 2: Energy-Related Indirect Emissions

Scope 2 emissions arise from purchased electricity, steam, heating, or cooling consumed by a company. While these emissions physically occur at power generation facilities, they are attributed to the organisation using the energy.

Common examples include electricity used in offices, factories, warehouses, and data centres, as well as purchased district heating or cooling. Scope 2 emissions reflect how energy-intensive an organisation is and how carbon-intensive the local energy grid may be.

Companies typically reduce Scope 2 emissions by improving energy efficiency, procuring renewable electricity, entering power purchase agreements, or using credible renewable energy certificates where appropriate.

Scope 3: Value Chain Emissions

Scope 3 emissions include all other indirect emissions across a company’s value chain, both upstream and downstream. These emissions often represent the largest share of a company’s total carbon footprint, especially for service-based, consumer goods, and multinational organisations.

Examples include emissions from supplier manufacturing, transportation and logistics, business travel, employee commuting, product use by customers, and end-of-life treatment of products and waste. While Scope 3 emissions are outside direct operational control, they are increasingly viewed as critical to understanding real climate impact.

Managing Scope 3 emissions requires supplier engagement, product redesign, changes in procurement strategies, and collaboration across the value chain.

Read more: The Corporate Board’s Role in Sustainable Leadership

Why the Emissions Scopes Matter?

The distinction between Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 is not just technical. It shapes how companies set targets, prioritise investments, and respond to regulatory and investor expectations. Climate disclosures, net-zero commitments, and transition plans increasingly expect transparency across all three scopes.

Focusing only on direct emissions can significantly underestimate climate risk and impact. A full-scope view enables more credible reporting, better risk management, and more effective decarbonisation strategies.

From Measurement to Action

Understanding emission scopes is the starting point, not the end goal. The real value comes from using this framework to guide action, align internal teams, and engage suppliers and partners in meaningful emissions reductions.

As climate regulations and stakeholder scrutiny continue to increase, organisations that clearly understand and manage Scope 1, Scope 2, and Scope 3 emissions will be better positioned to navigate transition risks and build long-term resilience.

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