The renewable energy industry, long viewed as a solution to the climate crisis, is now under pressure to address serious shortcomings in its human rights practices. According to the latest Renewable Energy and Human Rights Benchmark published by the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre (BHRRC), companies are making progress in areas such as policy commitments and community engagement, but critical gaps remain in mineral sourcing, Indigenous Peoples’ rights, and transparent supply chains.

Scope and Strategic Framework

BHRRC assessed solar panel manufacturers, wind turbine producers, and utility-scale project developers against the United Nations’ Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Since 2023, more than two-thirds of companies improved their scores, reflecting steady advancement in human rights governance despite political and financial headwinds. Yet the report warns that progress is uneven and that many companies have failed to put essential protections in place. Gaps include the lack of comprehensive supply chain disclosures, inadequate benefit-sharing agreements with affected communities, and policies that fall short of international standards on Indigenous rights.

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Economic and Social Impact

The urgency to decarbonize has led to a rapid expansion of renewable energy projects worldwide. But the BHRRC cautions that communities living near mines, solar farms, and wind installations are often bearing disproportionate burdens. Artisanal miners, smallholder farmers, and Indigenous groups face risks ranging from resource exploitation to displacement. Indigenous Peoples, in particular, have voiced growing frustration. Joan Carling, Executive Director of Indigenous Peoples Rights International, stated: “So far, the energy transition repeats the mistakes of the past exploiting resources, entrenching inequalities, and trampling rights.” Failure to address these concerns not only undermines social justice but also slows project delivery, as evidenced by litigation against projects in Kenya’s Lake Turkana and Norway’s Fosen Vind.

Corporate Governance and Transparency

BHRRC highlights that stronger human rights practices can be a competitive advantage for renewable energy companies. Firms that embed due diligence into their operations and establish accessible grievance mechanisms are more likely to win community trust, avoid legal disputes, and accelerate project timelines. Leaders such as Ørsted, Iberdrola, and Enel Green Power in Europe have taken more advanced steps, compared to lagging peers in other regions, particularly the United States. Solar panel producers have generally outpaced wind turbine manufacturers in implementing stronger governance. The report also emphasises that Indigenous Peoples should not be seen as barriers to development. Rather, they are key allies in the fight against climate change when projects are designed with fairness, respect, and inclusive governance.

Challenges to Scaling

While human rights policies are improving, adoption remains inconsistent across the sector. Many companies lack clear guidelines for responsible mineral sourcing, even as demand for critical raw materials like cobalt and lithium intensifies. Supply chain opacity, especially in the solar industry, leaves firms vulnerable to accusations of forced labour or environmental harm. Weak legal protections in many jurisdictions further complicate accountability, creating a reliance on voluntary measures and civil society pressure. As litigation against renewable energy projects continues to rise with 77 percent of human rights-related cases filed since 2018 — companies face growing legal and reputational risks if governance gaps are not addressed.

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Future Outlook

The BHRRC report concludes that respecting human rights is not a secondary concern but a prerequisite for scaling renewable energy sustainably. A just transition requires embedding rights into project planning, ensuring transparent supply chains, and engaging affected communities as equal partners. Stronger commitments to Indigenous Peoples’ rights, responsible mineral sourcing, and grievance redress mechanisms could accelerate renewable energy deployment while reducing conflict and distrust. As Carling noted, Indigenous communities “are pioneers in the fight against climate change and allies of progressive actors” when their rights and dignity are upheld. The message for industry leaders is clear: ignoring human rights risks undermining the very goals renewable energy seeks to achieve. A faster, fairer energy transition depends on coupling environmental ambition with social responsibility.

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