Researchers from Korea University, Stanford University, and the International ESG Association have introduced a new Water Sustainability Index designed to strengthen accountability in corporate water reporting and reduce ESG greenwashing.

Published in Nature Water on February 10, 2026, the index provides a transparent and quantitative framework to assess how companies manage water withdrawals, consumption, discharge quality, and reuse. The initiative responds to a persistent imbalance in ESG disclosure practices, where carbon emissions are rigorously tracked while water stewardship often remains vague and inconsistently reported.

The project is led by Professor William Mitch of Stanford University and Professor Yong Sik Ok of Korea University, in collaboration with Professor Jay Hyuk Rhee of Korea University Business School and the International ESG Association.

Addressing a Critical Reporting Blind Spot

Despite rising corporate commitments to environmental, social, and governance goals, water management remains underreported relative to carbon emissions. An analysis conducted by the research team using data from the London Stock Exchange Group database revealed a significant transparency gap. While 14 percent of major companies disclosed greenhouse gas emissions, only 9 percent reported total water withdrawals, and just 1 percent disclosed recycled water use.

The researchers argue that water presents a fundamentally different challenge than carbon. Carbon emissions represent a global externality, whereas water risks are highly localized. A million gallons withdrawn from a water-rich basin does not carry the same environmental implications as the same volume extracted from a drought-prone watershed. Yet many existing ESG frameworks fail to differentiate between these contexts.

This lack of nuance has created room for inconsistent assessments and inflated sustainability claims, particularly when reporting methodologies rely on opaque algorithms or non-uniform benchmarks.

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A Quantitative, Context-Sensitive Framework

The Water Sustainability Index introduces a multidimensional scoring system that integrates water source type, watershed-level stress, discharge quality, total consumption, and reuse rates. The index applies weighting factors to reflect local scarcity conditions and resource vulnerability.

Operations located in highly stressed watersheds, defined as regions where withdrawals exceed 40 percent of available freshwater, receive higher risk weighting. Groundwater extraction is also penalized more heavily than surface water use, reflecting slower natural replenishment rates.

By embedding local water stress into the metric, the index shifts ESG water reporting from generalized narratives to context-driven analysis. Companies can use the framework to assess exposure to water risk and evaluate operational adjustments before committing capital.

Demonstrating the Impact of Reuse and Treatment

To illustrate the index’s practical application, the research team modeled seven hypothetical operational scenarios. A baseline facility withdrawing groundwater in a stressed region and discharging low-quality wastewater received a low sustainability score, highlighting significant environmental risk.

Relocating the facility to a less stressed basin improved the score modestly, but the most significant gains were achieved through technological intervention. Introducing internal water reuse nearly doubled the sustainability score. Combining reuse with wastewater treatment upgrades and optimized siting produced the highest performance outcome.

The analysis demonstrates that efficiency improvements and circular water strategies can materially improve sustainability performance, rather than relying solely on geographic relocation.

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Aligning With Global Sustainability Goals

The researchers position the Water Sustainability Index as a bridge between complex scientific tools such as ISO 14046 water footprint assessments and the operational needs of corporate ESG reporting. By generating a reproducible and standardized score, the framework aims to reduce discrepancies in third-party ratings and provide clearer comparability across companies.

With approximately one quarter of the global population living in regions experiencing extremely high water stress, the stakes for improved water governance are rising. The index is designed to support alignment with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, which focuses on clean water and sanitation.

Strengthening ESG Credibility

As ESG regulations tighten and investor scrutiny intensifies, transparent water metrics are becoming increasingly important. The Water Sustainability Index seeks to reduce the risk of greenwashing by replacing qualitative claims with measurable, scarcity-adjusted outcomes.

By integrating scientific rigor with practical corporate application, the framework offers a pathway for companies to move beyond symbolic disclosure and toward defensible, performance-based water stewardship.

If adopted widely, the index could reshape how water risk is evaluated in capital markets and how sustainability performance is benchmarked across industries.

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