The MIT Energy Initiative’s Future Energy Systems Center has selected six new research projects aimed at addressing some of the most difficult technical and economic barriers in the transition to a lower-carbon energy system. Together, the projects will receive $1.05 million in funding and will examine issues ranging from carbon capture and lithium extraction to long-duration energy storage and grid planning.

The significance of the new round lies in its focus. Rather than concentrating on a single technology pathway, the center is funding research across the broader energy system, where the hardest decarbonisation problems increasingly sit. These are not only questions of invention, but of integration, cost, supply chains, infrastructure planning, and commercial viability. That makes the programme especially relevant at a time when energy transition progress depends less on proving that clean technologies exist and more on determining how they can scale reliably and affordably.

Grid Planning and Electrification Are Moving Closer Together

One of the selected projects will examine how residential building electrification interacts with grid constraints, especially in parts of the United States where rising electricity demand from heating and electric vehicles may require major system adjustments. The research will explore practical measures such as building envelope upgrades, dual-fuel heating systems, behind-the-meter vehicle charging and discharging, and aggregation programmes that can help smooth demand.

This is an important topic because building electrification is often presented as a straightforward emissions reduction strategy, but in practice it can shift significant load onto local electricity systems. The value of this project lies in its attempt to connect household-level technology choices with broader grid planning and affordability questions. That systems-based approach is becoming increasingly necessary as electrification expands.

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Flexible Low-Carbon Power Still Depends on Better Thermal Integration

Another project will focus on the co-design of gas turbines and carbon capture systems, exploring whether integrated design and operation can make low-carbon thermal power more efficient and more commercially viable. The research aims to develop models that capture the interactions between the power plant and the capture system under variable operating conditions, while also identifying design strategies that could reduce costs and improve flexibility.

This matters because low-carbon power systems are likely to need some form of dispatchable generation alongside renewables and storage, especially in grids facing reliability pressures. Carbon capture attached to gas power remains one possible route, but it has struggled with questions of cost and operational efficiency. Research that treats the power plant and capture unit as one connected system rather than two loosely attached technologies could help improve the realism of future deployment models.

Industrial Carbon Capture Needs Better Real-World Economics

A third project will develop more accurate cost and performance estimates for industrial carbon capture in hard-to-abate sectors such as cement, steel, and blue hydrogen. Rather than relying only on theoretical assumptions, the work is designed to ground its analysis in real project experience and create decision-oriented tools that communicate uncertainty and major cost drivers more clearly.

This is especially relevant because industrial decarbonisation is one of the areas where carbon capture may matter most, yet it is also one of the areas where data quality and commercial realism have often lagged behind policy ambition. Better cost visibility could improve the quality of decision-making for industry, investors, and policymakers alike, especially in sectors where alternatives to capture remain limited or expensive.

Lithium Supply Chain Pressure Is Driving Interest in New Extraction Models

The center is also funding research into direct lithium extraction, an increasingly important area as battery demand continues to grow and governments look for ways to reduce dependence on geographically concentrated supply chains. The project will build a techno-economic framework for comparing different extraction technologies and assess how these systems perform under varied regional conditions.

This is a strategic issue because lithium remains central to battery manufacturing, but conventional supply chains face cost, concentration, and sustainability pressures. Direct extraction technologies have attracted interest as a possible alternative, yet their performance and economics still vary widely. A more rigorous comparison framework could help clarify which approaches are likely to become truly competitive and under what circumstances.

Long-Duration Storage Is Being Treated as a Strategic Priority

Long-duration energy storage is another area receiving focused attention. One of the new projects will model leading storage technologies, assess how they interact with electricity markets, and identify the cost and performance thresholds needed for commercial viability. It will also examine the regulatory and revenue barriers that still limit market access in the United States.

This is an important addition because long-duration storage remains one of the key missing pieces in many decarbonisation pathways. Short-duration batteries are already scaling rapidly, but longer-duration systems are needed to support deeper renewable integration and help manage variability over longer time periods. The challenge is that these technologies often struggle to fit existing market structures, which makes research on both economics and regulatory design especially valuable.

Sodium Batteries Are Emerging as a Hedge Against Future Lithium Constraints

The sixth project will investigate sodium-metal batteries, which are being explored as a lower-cost, high-energy-density alternative that could help address future lithium shortages. The research will look at what performance thresholds sodium batteries need to reach in order to become competitive in different sectors and geographies, and will try to link laboratory improvements more directly to large-scale system impact.

This is significant because battery innovation is increasingly being shaped not only by performance goals, but also by mineral availability and supply risk. Technologies that reduce dependence on lithium could become more important if battery demand continues to accelerate globally. By connecting chemistry research with commercial and energy system analysis, the project aims to make that pathway more practical.

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A Broader Signal About Where Energy Research Is Headed

Taken together, the six projects show that energy research is moving further toward systems-level problem solving. The key questions are no longer only about inventing cleaner technologies. They are about making those technologies fit into power markets, industrial processes, materials supply chains, and infrastructure planning frameworks that are often not yet ready for them.

That broader perspective is what makes this round of project selections especially relevant. Decarbonisation is no longer constrained mainly by a lack of ideas. It is constrained by how difficult it is to integrate and scale those ideas in the real world. MITEI’s latest funding decisions reflect that reality by focusing on the practical barriers that still separate technical promise from commercial deployment.

The Next Stage of the Transition Will Depend on Work Like This

The Future Energy Systems Center has now supported dozens of projects since 2021, but the newest selections suggest an even sharper focus on the parts of the transition that remain hardest to solve. Whether the issue is industrial carbon capture, grid-friendly electrification, advanced storage, or critical minerals, the common theme is the same: decarbonisation now depends on better system design as much as better technology.

That makes these projects more than academic exercises. They are part of a wider effort to understand how a lower-carbon economy can actually function at scale, under real constraints, and with enough commercial logic to be implemented.

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