Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, known as PFAS or “forever chemicals,” are found in everyday items ranging from dental floss to waterproof jackets. But beyond consumer goods, these persistent pollutants are increasingly contaminating water systems across the United States. Until now, the national understanding of PFAS hotspots was based almost entirely on where testing had already taken place. That limited scope is now being challenged.

A New National Picture Emerges

Researchers at Northeastern University’s PFAS Project Lab have revealed that the actual scale of PFAS contamination may be far larger than previously thought. Their analysis confirms approximately 2,200 sites with known contamination, but estimates that as many as 80,000 more locations may also be polluted, yet remain untested. This new model offers what the researchers describe as the most complete snapshot of presumptive PFAS sites in the country.

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Filling the Gaps Where Testing Falls Short

In the past, PFAS maps reflected only confirmed test results, leaving large swaths of the country off the radar. The PFAS Project Lab tackled this by developing a predictive model that identifies likely contaminated sites based on the activities of specific facilities. Instead of reacting to contamination one neighborhood at a time, this new approach directs attention to places most at risk, before pollutants have the chance to spread further.

The Numbers Behind Groundwater Contamination

The findings from verified sites are deeply troubling. Of the locations with groundwater data, 94 percent had PFAS concentrations that exceeded health-based regulatory thresholds. Kimberly Garrett, the study’s lead author and postdoctoral fellow at Northeastern, stated that nearly all known sites showed elevated PFAS levels that surpassed what is considered safe. These chemicals do not stay put, they move through rivers, industrial waste streams, sewage systems, and even agricultural biosolids, making early identification all the more urgent.

Firefighting Foam a Major Source of Contamination

Among the clearest PFAS culprits are airports, military bases, and municipal fire departments. All three commonly used aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), a firefighting substance heavily laden with PFAS. Whether used in emergency response or routine training, this foam often ends up in groundwater or nearby streams. Garrett noted that AFFF sites consistently showed the highest PFAS concentrations, a connection long suspected by regulators and now confirmed on a national scale.

Industrial Facilities Under the Microscope

Beyond emergency services, the lab’s research also sheds light on industrial operations that may be fueling PFAS pollution. Metal and electronics manufacturing plants surfaced as repeat offenders. Garrett cautioned that as countries ramp up investments in high-tech sectors such as semiconductors, greater scrutiny must be placed on potential environmental impacts. The goal, she emphasized, is not to halt innovation, but to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.

Looking Upstream for Solutions

Public discussions around PFAS often focus on drinking water and sewage treatment plants, but these are merely the end points of a longer chain. PFAS contamination begins upstream, at the point of emission. Garrett stressed that addressing the problem at its source is more efficient and cost-effective than dealing with its aftermath. Her lab co-director, Phil Brown, advocates for tracking waste flows back to industrial sources so that emissions can be curbed before reaching public infrastructure.

Prioritising Action With Limited Resources

With regulatory budgets stretched thin, the Northeastern team’s map is designed as a decision-making tool. It highlights the most likely hotspots, helping municipalities and agencies decide where limited testing funds can make the most impact. The map could also guide interim public health measures, such as providing alternative drinking water to at-risk communities before test results are available.

A New Strategy Replaces a Patchwork of Dots

PFAS are called “forever chemicals” for a reason. Their molecular structure makes them highly resistant to natural breakdown, which has made them both incredibly useful and nearly impossible to eliminate from the environment. While the new analysis does not solve the PFAS crisis, it offers something equally vital: a roadmap for how to respond. Rather than reacting to scattered test results, the presumptive map presents a forward-thinking strategy grounded in known patterns of risk.

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Turning Awareness Into Action

The real message of the study is not just that PFAS pollution is widespread, but that it follows a recognisable pattern. Airports, military installations, and firefighting facilities should be high on the watchlist. Certain industrial sectors deserve far more oversight. And perhaps most importantly, solving the problem will require a shift in focus—from managing contamination at the tap to cutting it off at the source.

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