As climate change accelerates, so too does the movement of people. Yet, contrary to images of mass climate refugee waves often portrayed in headlines, new research suggests a more complex and uneven reality. A study published in Nature Communications shows that migration decisions in the face of climate shocks depend significantly on personal characteristics most notably age and education.

Led by Hélène Benveniste, assistant professor at the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, the study reveals that extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves do not trigger a uniform response. For some, they serve as a catalyst to relocate. For others, particularly the vulnerable, these same events act as barriers, trapping them in place.

How Demographics Shape Climate Migration

The research team examined more than 125,000 international migration cases and nearly half a million domestic moves. By linking these to temperature shifts, drought data, and soil moisture records, they were able to identify who migrates under climate stress rather than simply how many people do.

Their findings revealed stark contrasts. Children under 15 were notably less likely to move after extreme heat events, while older adults with limited education showed a higher tendency to migrate. In contrast, adults with university-level education were largely unaffected in their migration decisions by weather patterns.

READ MORE: Asahi to Source Barley with Verified ESG Data from Australian Growers

This evidence suggests that climate shocks deepen existing social divides. Those who are already struggling due to age, limited education, or economic hardship are often the least able to escape worsening environmental conditions. In essence, many of those most vulnerable to climate risks are also those least capable of moving to safer ground.

Climate Pressure Varies by Region and Resource

The study also found that geography plays a pivotal role. In tropical climates, highly educated adults were more likely to move in response to rising temperatures, while those with lower levels of education showed little change in migration behaviour. In arid zones, dry spells drove less-educated groups to relocate, often moving short distances within national borders.

What emerges is a pattern where agriculture-dependent populations, frequently those with minimal formal education, feel significant pressure to move during droughts. Yet, constrained by financial and logistical barriers, they tend to resettle in nearby towns rather than undertaking cross-border migration.

These migration dynamics are not solely driven by weather. Social, political, and economic conditions weigh heavily, influencing both the decision to migrate and the feasibility of doing so. Even with climate stress, many people remain immobile due to limited options a phenomenon the study refers to as being “trapped in place.”

Rethinking the Notion of Mass Climate Migration

One of the key takeaways from the research is that climate-driven migration is not a simple matter of scale. It is not just about the volume of people moving, but about the shifting makeup of who moves and who does not. By the end of the century, it is expected that older adults with limited education may increasingly migrate across borders, while the youngest and least educated populations are likely to become less mobile.

This trend challenges policy frameworks that rely on population averages or anticipate broad surges of climate migrants. As the researchers caution, these figures can obscure the dramatic differences between demographic groups. Planning for climate migration must take into account not only those on the move, but those who remain behind—often involuntarily.

Adaptation, Decision-Making, and Uncertain Futures

While the study focused on short-term responses to weather extremes, the researchers acknowledge that long-term climate shifts may produce different patterns. Communities might adapt with new agricultural methods or infrastructure that reduces the need to migrate. However, if the pace of climate change exceeds adaptation capacity, pressures to relocate will likely return.

Migration decisions are also influenced by conditions in destination regions. For example, receiving areas experiencing their own heatwaves may be less attractive to migrants, particularly families with children or older adults. Conversely, areas with stable or wetter climates could become more desirable, especially to more educated individuals seeking opportunity and security.

The presence of children in a household was found to further reduce the likelihood of migration, highlighting how family structure shapes mobility decisions. These layered insights suggest that climate migration will be uneven and demographically distinct not a single wave, but a shifting tide with differing implications for various groups.

Preparing Policy for a Fragmented Migration Landscape

For policymakers, the implications are clear. Climate adaptation strategies must be tailored not only for those who leave but also for those left behind. Vulnerable populations that are unable to relocate require additional support, whether through infrastructure investment, healthcare access, or local economic resilience measures.

Explore OneStop ESG Marketplace: Regulation and Compliance

As Professor Benveniste emphasised, understanding the human side of migration is essential: “We need to answer the needs not just of the people who move, but also those who are moving less.” This call to action underscores the need for inclusive, nuanced planning that moves beyond the headline numbers.

Climate migration is not only a matter of geography, but one of justice. By focusing on who is most affected and least supported, societies can better prepare for a future defined by greater environmental unpredictability. The findings from this research offer a timely reminder that, in a warming world, mobility is as much about opportunity as it is about escape.

Explore ESG Solutions on our marketplace - OneStop ESG Marketplace.

Keep abreast of the top ESG Events on OneStop ESG Events.

OneStop ESG Educate: Your go-to source for top ESG courses and training programs tailored to your needs.

Stay informed with the latest insights on OneStop ESG News.

Discover meaningful career opportunities on OneStop ESG Jobs.