Climate change is no longer a distant environmental concern. It is a material business risk that directly affects assets, supply chains, costs, reputation, and long-term viability. Regulators, investors, and stakeholders now expect companies to clearly identify, assess, and disclose climate-related risks as part of mainstream risk management and ESG reporting.

Understanding these risks is essential for aligning with global disclosure frameworks and for building resilience in an increasingly volatile climate environment.

What Are Climate-Related Risks?

Climate-related risks describe the ways climate change and the global response to it can negatively affect business performance. These risks are commonly grouped into transition risks, physical risks, and liability risks, a structure widely used in climate risk assessments and sustainability reporting.

Together, they explain how climate change affects businesses from the outside in, and how business activities affect people and ecosystems from the inside out.

Transition Risks: Risks From the Shift to a Low-Carbon Economy

Transition risks arise as economies move away from carbon-intensive models toward low-carbon and climate-aligned systems. These risks are driven by changes in policy, technology, markets, and public expectations.

Key transition risk drivers include:

Policy and legal changes such as carbon pricing, emissions limits, and reporting requirements
Technology shifts that render existing assets or processes obsolete
Market and consumer changes toward low-carbon products and services
Reputation risks linked to perceived inaction or greenwashing

For businesses, unmanaged transition risks can lead to stranded assets, higher compliance costs, loss of market share, and declining investor confidence.

Read more: Sustainability Risk Landscape: Understanding Exposure, Readiness, and Resilience in 2026

Physical Risks: Risks From the Direct Impacts of Climate Change

Physical risks result from the actual, measurable impacts of climate change on the natural and built environment. These risks can disrupt operations, damage infrastructure, and increase insurance and operating costs.

Physical risks are typically divided into two categories:
Acute risks, such as floods, storms, wildfires, and extreme weather events
Chronic risks, including rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and sea-level rise

Companies with geographically dispersed assets or complex supply chains are especially exposed. Assessing physical risk is critical for long-term capital planning and business continuity.

Liability Risks: Legal and Regulatory Exposure

Liability risks stem from legal action or regulatory enforcement related to climate change. These risks arise when companies fail to manage, mitigate, or disclose climate-related impacts adequately.

Common liability risk sources include:

Litigation related to climate damages or misleading disclosures
Failure to comply with emerging climate reporting requirements
Inadequate governance or oversight of climate risks

As climate-related regulation expands globally, liability risks are expected to increase, making governance and transparency central to risk management.

How Climate Risks Affect Business: Outside-In and Inside-Out

Climate-related risks affect businesses in two interconnected ways.

Outside-in impacts describe how climate change affects business operations. These include asset damage, supply chain disruption, and rising costs driven by extreme weather or regulatory changes.

Inside-out impacts describe how business activities affect people, communities, and the environment. These impacts influence worker safety, community resilience, consumer trust, and long-term social license to operate.

Understanding both perspectives is essential for credible ESG risk assessment and climate strategy.

Why Climate-Related Risk Assessment Matters in 2026?

In 2026, climate-related risk assessment is no longer optional. Companies are increasingly expected to:

Integrate climate risks into enterprise risk management
Disclose climate risks in line with global ESG and climate frameworks
Demonstrate governance oversight and strategic responses
Link climate risks to financial planning and decision-making

Organisations that fail to act face higher exposure to financial loss, regulatory penalties, reputational damage, and investor scrutiny.

From Risk Identification to Climate Resilience

Identifying climate-related risks is only the first step. Leading companies move beyond disclosure toward action by:

Embedding climate risk into strategy and capital allocation
Strengthening governance and board oversight
Investing in adaptation, mitigation, and transition planning
Monitoring risks continuously as climate conditions and regulations evolve

This shift from reactive compliance to proactive resilience defines climate leadership in the years ahead.

Climate-related risks sit at the intersection of sustainability, finance, and strategy. Transition, physical, and liability risks are already reshaping how businesses operate and compete. Companies that understand these risks clearly and respond decisively will be better positioned to protect value, build trust, and remain resilient in a rapidly changing world.

Subscribe to our newsletter for more insights, case studies, and ESG intelligence.

Explore ESG Solutions on our marketplace - OneStop ESG Marketplace.

Keep abreast of the top ESG Events on OneStop ESG Events.

OneStop ESG Educate: Your go-to source for top ESG courses and training programs tailored to your needs.

Stay informed with the latest insights on OneStop ESG News.