For nearly three-quarters of a million years, Iran’s Taftan volcano has stood silent, a rugged landmark in the country’s southeast, dismissed by many as extinct. But new satellite-based research has revealed subtle ground movements that tell a different story: Taftan is stirring. According to a new study led by Dr. Pablo J. González of the Spanish National Research Council (IPNA), the volcano’s summit has risen by about 3.5 inches (9 centimeters) over the past ten months, suggesting underground pressure is building. Though small in scale, the uplift marks the first clear sign of activity at Taftan in recorded history.

Detecting the First Movements Beneath the Surface

Scientists used InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology to track minute ground changes from space, drawing data from the Sentinel-1 satellite constellation. Between July 2023 and May 2024, the team observed a consistent bulge near Taftan’s summit that has not subsided—an indicator that the stress causing it is still active. Unlike volcanoes in well-instrumented regions, Taftan has no continuous GPS or seismic monitoring network. In such remote locations, satellites provide the only reliable “eyes” to capture early signals of volcanic unrest.

“Our results show that deformation continues,” said González. “It’s not a cause for alarm, but it is a reason for awareness and monitoring.”

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Pressure Rising from Shallow Depths

Modeling data revealed that the likely source of the pressure sits only 490–630 meters below the surface, a shallow zone where gases and hydrothermal fluids accumulate. This suggests that the deformation is caused not by fresh magma intrusion but by gas buildup within the volcano’s hydrothermal system. The study ruled out external triggers such as rainfall or nearby earthquakes. Instead, it points to internal processes hot water and gas circulating beneath the surface slowly reshaping the mountain. Deeper within Taftan lies its magma reservoir, more than 3 kilometers below ground, but there’s no evidence that molten rock is currently rising. The surface uplift seems to reflect a slow, steady pressurization as trapped gases seek escape routes through cracks and vents.

A Reminder That “Extinct” Doesn’t Mean Inactive

At 12,927 feet (3,940 meters) tall, Taftan is a stratovolcano, a steep, layered cone built by past eruptions of lava and ash. Today, it still vents heat and gas through fumaroles near its summit, evidence that geothermal activity persists below. Despite having no documented eruption in human history, the new findings challenge the notion of Taftan as an extinct system. Volcanoes can appear dormant for millennia before reawakening. González and his team caution that labels like “dormant” or “extinct” can mislead both scientists and local authorities.

“Silence doesn’t mean death,” González said. “A volcano can sleep for hundreds of thousands of years, then begin to move again over months. The key is to listen early.”

Managing the Real Risks

The immediate danger, scientists emphasize, is not lava but phreatic explosions steam-driven blasts that occur when hot fluids encounter shallow groundwater. Such eruptions can send rocks and gas flying without warning. Communities such as Khash, about 50 kilometers away, could experience sulfur odors or mild gas exposure if vents release more emissions. While an eruption is not expected soon, the study’s message is clear: monitor now, prepare early.

González urged authorities to install basic monitoring equipment gas sensors, seismometers, and GPS units to provide real-time data on any escalation. “We don’t want panic,” he said. “We want preparedness while the mountain is whispering, not shouting.”

Satellites Take the Lead in Early Detection

Because Taftan lacks on-site instruments, satellite radar is the first line of defense. InSAR allows scientists to measure millimeter-scale surface movements, day or night, through cloud cover or dust storms. Sentinel-1’s C-band radar revisits the same area frequently enough to create time-lapse “movies” of surface changes. As more satellites join the constellation, the update frequency and spatial resolution will improve, enabling faster alerts and better coordination between space and ground monitoring teams.

Taftan’s Place in a Volatile Landscape

Taftan lies within a subduction zone, where one tectonic plate slides beneath another, an arrangement that generates magma deep underground. The volcano’s dual peaks and persistent gas vents indicate that heat and pressure are still circulating within the system. Such conditions mirror other long-quiet volcanoes around the world that have shown similar ground swelling or degassing without erupting. Most remain stable, but some transition quickly to unrest, underscoring the value of continuous observation.

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A Wake-Up Call for Long-Term Preparedness

If the ground eventually sinks, scientists will know pressure has eased. But if the uplift continues or accelerates, it could point to renewed gas buildup and a higher risk of steam-driven activity. The Taftan case is a reminder that monitoring is not optional, it’s lifesaving. With simple planning, clear communication, and sustained observation, local authorities can turn uncertainty into readiness.

In González’s words: “This isn’t a crisis. It’s an invitation to watch, to learn, and to prepare. Volcanoes tell their stories slowly. Our job is to listen before the next chapter begins.”

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